Authors: Polanía R; Nitsche MA; Ruff CC. In the past three decades, our understanding of brain-behavior relationships has been significantly shaped by research using non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques. These methods allow non-invasive and safe modulation of neural processes in the healthy brain, enabling researchers to directly study how experimentally altered neural activity causally affects […]

Authors: Antal A. et al. Low intensity transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) in humans, encompassing transcranial direct current (tDCS), transcutaneous spinal Direct Current Stimulation (tsDCS), transcranial alternating current (tACS), and transcranial random noise (tRNS) stimulation or their combinations, appears to be safe. No serious adverse events (SAEs) have been reported so far in over 18,000 sessions […]

Authors: Yavari F; Jamil A; Mosayebi Samani M; Vidor LP; Nitsche MA. Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) has been gaining increased popularity in human neuroscience research during the last years. Among the emerging NIBS tools is transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), whose main modalities are transcranial direct, and alternating current stimulation (tDCS, tACS). In tES, a small […]

Authors: Kuo MF; Chen PS; Nitsche MA. Neuroplasticity represents the dynamic structural and functional reorganization of the central nervous system, including its connectivity, due to environmental and internal demands. It is recognized as a major physiological basis for adaption of cognition and behaviour, and, thus, of utmost importance for normal brain function. Cognitive dysfunctions are […]

Authors: Jamil A; Nitsche MA. Purpose of the ReviewTranscranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can effectively modulate a wide range of clinical and cognitive outcomes by modulating cortical excitability. Here, we summarize the main findings from both animal and human neurophysiology literature, which have revealed mechanistic evidence for the acute and neuroplastic after-effects of tDCS. Recent […]

Authors: G. Ruffini Providing objective metrics of conscious state is of great interest across multiple research and clinical fields—from neurology to artificial intelligence. Here we approach this challenge by proposing plausible mechanisms for the phenomenon of structured experience. In earlier work, we argued that the experience we call reality is a mental construct derived from […]

Authors: Huang W; Wannez S; Fregni F; Hu X; Jing S; Martens G; He M; Di H; Laureys S; Thibaut A Patients in unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS e recov- ery of eyes opening while no behavioral sign of consciousness [1]) and in minimally conscious state (MCS e recovery of reproducible purposeful behaviors [2]) have no access to conventional rehabili- tation program, apart from pharmacological or […]

Authors: Aurore Thibaut; Sarah Wannez; Anne-Francoise Donneau; Camille Chatelle; Olivia Gosseries; Marie-Aurélie Bruno; Steven Laureys Objectives: To assess the effects of repeated transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) sessions on the level of consciousness in chronic patients in minimally conscious state (MCS). Methods: In this randomized double-blind sham-controlled crossover study, we enrolled 16 patients in chronic MCS. For 5 consecutive days, each patient […]

Authors: Ruffini, G I aim to show that models, classification or generating functions, invariances and datasets are algorithmically equivalent concepts once properly defined, and provide some concrete examples of them. I then show that a) neural networks (NNs) of different kinds can be seen to implement models, b) that perturbations of inputs and nodes in NNs […]

Authors: Yavari F; Nitsche M; Ekhtiari H During recent years, non-invasive brain stimulation, including transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) in general, and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in particular, have created new hopes for treatment of neurological and psychiatric diseases. Despite promising primary results in some brain disorders, a more widespread application of tES is hindered by the unsolved […]